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Arthur Cravan
Arthur Cravan (born Fabian Avenarius Lloyd〔William S. Rubin, Dada, Surrealism, and Their Heritage, (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1968), 245〕 on 22 May 1887, Lausanne, Switzerland) was known as a pugilist, a poet, a larger-than-life character, and an idol of the Dada and Surrealism movements. He was the second son of Otho Holland Lloyd and Hélène Clara St. Clair. His brother Otho was a painter and photographer married to the Russian émigré artist Olga Sacharoff.〔New York, Perls Galleries, Olga Sacharoff, Otho Loyd: Two Parisian Painters (cat. ), 27 February ‒ 18 March 1939, n.p.〕 His father's sister, Constance Mary Lloyd, was married to Irish poet Oscar Wilde.〔Gabrielle Buffet-Picabia, "Arthur Cravan and American Dada," trans. Maria Jolas, in ''The Dada Painters and Poets: An Anthology'', ed. Robert Motherwell (New York: Wittenborn, Schultz, Inc., 1951), 14.〕 He changed his name to Cravan in 1912 in honour of his fiancée Renée Bouchet, who was born in the small village of Cravans in the department of Charente-Maritime in western France. Why he chose the name Arthur remains unclear.
Cravan was last seen at Salina Cruz, Mexico in 1918〔Rubin, Dada, Surrealism, and Their Heritage, 200〕 and most likely drowned in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Mexico in November 1918.
==Early life==
Cravan was born and educated in Lausanne, Switzerland, then at an English military academy from which he was expelled after spanking a teacher. After his schooling, during World War I, he travelled throughout Europe and America using a variety of passports and documents, some of them forged.〔Hans Richter, Dada Art and Anti-Art, trans. David Britt (London: Thames & Hudson Ltd., 1965), 85.〕 He declared no single nationality and claimed instead to be "a citizen of 20 countries".
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